Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: a review with a focus on children and adolescents / Espectro da neuromielite óptica: uma revisão com ênfase em crianças e adolescentes

Abstract Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a rare and severe inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). It is strongly associated with anti-aquaporin 4 antibodies (AQP4-IgG), and it mainly affects young women from non-white ethnicities. However, ~ 5 to 10% of all cases have onset during childhood. Children and adolescents share the same clinical, radiologic, and laboratory presentation as adults. Thus, the same NMOSD diagnostic criteria are also applied to pediatric-onset patients, but data on NMOSD in this population is still scarce. In seronegative pediatric patients, there is a high frequency of the antibody against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG-IgG) indicating another disease group, but the clinical distinction between these two diseases may be challenging. Three drugs (eculizumab, satralizumab, and inebilizumab) have been recently approved for the treatment of adult patients with AQP4-IgG-positive NMOSD. Only satralizumab has recruited adolescents in one of the two pivotal clinical trials. Additional clinical trials in pediatric NMOSD are urgently required to evaluate the safety and efficacy of these drugs in this population.

Resumo O espectro da neuromielite óptica (ENMO) é uma rara e grave doença inflamatória do sistema nervoso central (SNC), fortemente associada ao anticorpo anti-aquaporina 4 (AQP4-IgG) e que afeta preferencialmente mulheres jovens de etnias não-caucasianas. No entanto, aproximadamente de 5 a 10% de todos os casos se iniciam na infância. Crianças e adolescentes compartilham as mesmas características clínicas, radiológicas e laboratoriais dos adultos. Além disso, o mesmo critério diagnóstico de ENMO é aplicado para pacientes com início na infância. No entanto, dados da população pediátrica são escassos. Em pacientes pediátricos soronegativos, existe uma alta frequência de positividade ao anticorpo contra a glicoproteína na mielina do oligodendrócito (MOG-IgG), indicando outra patologia; porém, a distinção clínica entre as duas doenças é desafiadora. Três medicações (eculizumabe, inebilizumabe e satralizumabe) foram recentemente aprovadas para pacientes adultos com AQP4-IgG. Apenas um dos ensaios pivotais do satralizumabe recrutou adolescentes. Novos ensaios clínicos em pacientes pediátricos com ENMO são necessários para avaliar a segurança e eficácia destas drogas nesta população.

Uso da teleconsulta na atenção primária e a efetividade no atendimento: revisão integrativa / Use of teleconsulta in primary care and the effectiveness of care: integrative review / Uso de la teleconsultación en atención primaria y eficacia en la atención: una revisión integradora

Objetivo: Analisar na literatura a efetividade da teleconsulta no âmbito da Atenção Primária a Saúde. Metodologia: O presente estudo trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura através de buscas de dados nacionais e internacionais a US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health (PubMed) e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) do Centro Latino-Americano e do Caribe de Informação em Ciências da Saúde, sobre trabalhos publicados até 15 de maio de 2023. Estabeleceu-se a pergunta norteadora: "Qual a efetividade da teleconsulta na Atenção Primária?". Resultados: As 11 publicações analisadas foram publicadas nos últimos cinco anos de 2018 a 2023 com delineamento de estudos Transversal e de Coorte Prospectivo multilocal. Foi possível identificar a satisfação dos pacientes e profissionais de saúde com a teleconsulta; os principais desafios, como a falta e a interoperabilidade de equipamentos e sistemas médicos, dificuldades organizacionais, aspectos legais e a falta de suporte aos pacientes que não tem recursos tecnológicos; e beneficios dessa ferramenta de gestão, que melhora a acessibilidade e gera mais tempo para a consulta presencial, diminuindo o fluxo de pacientes nas instalações de saúde. Conclusão: Este estudo mostra evidências de que teleconsultas foram benéficas durante a pandemia e é uma inovação tecnológica que gera resultados positivos dentro da APS, sendo uma estratégia que está se consolidando e representa uma possibilidade de maior contato com os pacientes e maior resolutividade das demandas da população sem desperdício de recursos.

Objective: To analyze in the literature the effectiveness of teleconsultation in Primary Health Care. Methodology: The present study is an integrative literature review through national and international data searches at the US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health (PubMed) and Virtual Health Library (VHL) of the Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information, on works published until May 15, 2023. The guiding question was established: "What is the effectiveness of teleconsultation in Primary Care?". Results: The 11 publications analyzed were published in the last five years from 2018 to 2023 with Cross-sectional and Prospective Cohort multi-site study design. It was possible to identify the satisfaction of patients and health professionals with teleconsultation; the main challenges, such as the lack and interoperability of medical equipment and systems, organizational difficulties, legal aspects and the lack of support for patients who do not have technological resources; and benefits of this management tool, which improves accessibility and generates more time for face-to-face consultation, reducing the flow of patients in health facilities. Conclusion: This study shows evidence that teleconsultations have been beneficial during the pandemic and is a technological innovation that generates positive results within PHC, being a strategy that is being consolidated and represents a possibility of greater contact with patients and greater resolutivity of the population's demands without wasting resources.

Objetivo: Analizar en la literatura la efectividad de la teleconsulta en Atención Primaria de Salud. Metodología: El presente estudio es una revisión bibliográfica integradora a través de búsquedas de datos nacionales e internacionales en la Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina de los Institutos Nacionales de Salud de los Estados Unidos (PubMed) y en la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud (BVS) del Centro Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Información en Ciencias de la Salud, sobre trabajos publicados hasta el 15 de mayo de 2023. Se estableció la pregunta guía: "¿Cuál es la efectividad de la teleconsulta en Atención Primaria?". Resultados: Las 11 publicaciones analizadas fueron publicadas en los últimos cinco años de 2018 a 2023 con diseño de estudio transversal y prospectivo de cohorte multisitio. Se pudo identificar la satisfacción de pacientes y profesionales de la salud con la teleconsulta; los principales desafíos, como la falta e interoperabilidad de equipos y sistemas médicos, dificultades organizativas, aspectos legales y la falta de apoyo a pacientes que no cuentan con recursos tecnológicos; y beneficios de esta herramienta de gestión, que mejora la accesibilidad y genera más tiempo para la consulta presencial, reduciendo el flujo de pacientes en los establecimientos de salud. Conclusión: Este estudio muestra evidencias de que las teleconsultas han sido beneficiosas durante la pandemia y es una innovación tecnológica que genera resultados positivos dentro de la APS, siendo una estrategia que se está consolidando y representa una posibilidad de mayor contacto con los pacientes y mayor resolutividad de las demandas de la población sin desperdiciar recursos.

Auditory central pathways in children and adolescents with multiple sclerosis / Sistema auditivo central em crianças e adolescentes com esclerose múltipla

Abstract Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease. Auditory evoked potential studies have demonstrated conduction and neural processing deficits in adults with MS, but little is known about the electrophysiological responses in children and adolescents. Objective to evaluate the central auditory pathway with brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) and long-latency auditory evoked potentials (LLAEP) in children and adolescents with MS. Methods The study comprised 17 individuals with MS, of both sexes, aged 9 to 18 years, and 17 healthy volunteers, matched for age and sex. All individuals had normal hearing and no middle ear impairments. They were assessed with click-BAEP and LLAEP through oddball paradigm and tone-burst stimuli. Results Abnormal responses were observed in 60% of electrophysiologic assessments of individuals with MS. In BAEP, 58.82% of MS patients had abnormal responses, with longer wave V latency and therefore longer III-V and I-V interpeak latencies than healthy volunteers. In LLAEP, 52.94% of MS patients had abnormal responses. Although statistical differences were found only in P2-N2 amplitude, MS patients had longer latencies and smaller amplitudes than healthy volunteers in all components. Conclusion Children and adolescents with MS had abnormal BAEP responses, with delayed neural conduction between the cochlear nucleus and the lateral lemniscus. Also, abnormal LLAEP results suggest a decrease in neural processing speed and auditory sensory discrimination response.

Resumo Antecedentes A esclerose múltipla (EM) é uma doença inflamatória desmielinizante. Estudos com potenciais evocados auditivos têm demonstrado déficits de condução e processamento neural em adultos com EM, mas pouco se sabe sobre as respostas electrofisiológicas em crianças e adolescentes. Objetivo avaliar a via auditiva central por meio dos potenciais evocados auditivos de tronco encefálico (PEATE) e dos potenciais evocados auditivos de longa latência (PEALL) em crianças e adolescentes com EM. Métodos Foram avaliados17 indivíduos com EM, de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 9 e 18 anos, e 17 voluntários saudáveis, pareados por sexo e idade. Todos os indivíduos tinham audição normal sem alterações de orelha média. Os indivíduos foram avaliados por meio do PEATE com estímulo clique e do PEALL com paradigma de oddball e estímulo tone-burst. Resultados Foram observadas alteração em 60% das avaliações dos indivíduos com EM. No PEATE, 58,82% dos pacientes com EM apresentaram alteração, com aumento da latência da onda V, e interpicos III-V e I-V aumentados em comparação aos voluntários saudáveis. No PEALL, 52,94% dos pacientes com EM apresentaram alteração. Embora diferenças estatísticas foram observadas apenas na amplitude P2-N2, os pacientes com EM apresentaram latências prolongadas e amplitudes menores em comparação aos voluntários saudáveis para todos os componentes. Conclusão Crianças e adolescentes com EM apresentaram alteração das respostas do PEATE, com atraso de condução neural entre o núcleo coclear e o lemnisco lateral. Além disso, os resultados alterados do PEALL sugeriram uma diminuição na velocidade de processamento neural e de discriminação sensorial da audição.

Post-varicella arterial ischemic stroke in children and neurocognitive performance: a 4-year follow-up study

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze data from children who were previously healthy and presented with post-varicella arterial ischemic stroke upon arrival when admitted to the emergency room, with focus on the clinical/laboratory aspects, and neurocognitive performance after four-year follow-up. Methods Seven children presenting with arterial ischemic stroke after varicella were evaluated at pediatric emergency services in the city of São Paulo (SP), Brazil. Ischemic stroke was determined by magnetic resonance imaging/magnetic resonance angiography in a topography compatible with the areas supplied by the middle cerebral or internal carotid arteries. IgG-class antibodies against varicella zoster virus and varicella-zoster virus DNA by polymerase chain reaction in cerebrospinal fluid were tested. Patients with prothrombotic conditions were excluded. The Pediatric Stroke Outcome Measure was applied upon admission and 4-years after the stroke. Results All patients (age range: 1.3 to 4 years) included presented chickenpox 5.1 (±3.5) months before. All patients had analysis of anti-varicella-zoster-virus-IgG in cerebrospinal fluid, but only three (43%) had a positive result. Of the patients 43% had no vascular lesions identified in magnetic resonance angiography. All patients showed improvement in their sequela scores. After 4 years, five patients displayed good evolution in the Pediatric Stroke Outcome Measure, and only one patient presented with a score of 2 in the sensorimotor and cognition areas. No recurrence of arterial ischemic stroke was observed. Conclusion We reinforced the non-progressive course of post-varicella arterial ischemic stroke after 4-year follow-up. The presence of varicella-zoster-virus-DNA detected by polymerase chain reaction, and/or intrathecal IgG antibody against varicella zoster virus, and angiopathy location in magnetic resonance angiography were not determining for the diagnosis. Invasive tests, with low sensitivity, should be well considered in the diagnosis of post-varicella arterial ischemic stroke.

Cambios ventilatorios después de una traqueotomía en neumonía por COVID-19 / Ventilatory changes after a tracheostomy in COVID-19 pneumonia

Introducción: existe aún una controversia sobre los efectos en los parámetros ventilatorios en pacientes sometidos a una traqueotomía, y los estudios en casos de pacientes con SARS-CoV-2 son escasos. Objetivo: describir los cambios en los parámetros ventilatorios en pacientes operados de traqueotomía por SARS-CoV-2 en la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI). Métodos: se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo y longitudinal en el que se incluyeron las variables como edad, sexo, comorbilidades, tiempo de intubación, parámetros ventilatorios, gasométricos y el índice de Kirby. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva con medidas de tendencia central y medidas de dispersión. Resultados: se recibieron 493 casos con COVID-19, 133 (26,35 %) ingresaron, 21 fueron operados en la UCI; el género masculino fue 76 % y edad de 56 años; la obesidad y la hipertensión fueron las comorbilidades más comunes, todos con PCR positivo; los parámetros ventilatorios preoperatorios fueron presión positiva al final de la espiración (PEEP) de 7,61 y fracción inspirada de oxígeno (FiO2) de 41,42, la gasometría fue pH de 7,42, presión parcial de oxígeno (pO2) de 95,04, presión parcial de dióxido de carbono (pCO2) de 41,47, bicarbonato (HCO3) de 29,14, saturación de oxígeno (SatO2) de 94,7 %, el índice de Kirby x = 235; y los posoperatorios (PEEP de 7,19 y FiO2 de 40,6), la gasometría fue de pH de 7.44, pO2 de 43,7, pCO2 de 87,7, HCO3 de 27,4, SatO2 de 95,23 %. Fallecieron tres pacientes, dos pacientes complicados con sangrado y un caso con decanulación accidental. El tiempo promedio de ventilación mecánica de fue de 5,7 días. Conclusiones: la traqueotomía generó cambios muy sutiles en los parámetros ventilatorios y gasométricos; sin embargo, la liberación de la ventilación mecánica fue en promedio menor a una semana, desocupando espacio en la UCI.

Introduction: Controversy continues to exist regarding the effects on ventilatory parameters in patients undergoing tracheostomy, and studies in cases with SARS-CoV-2 are scarce. Objective: To describe changes in ventilatory parameters in patients undergoing tracheostomy for SARS-CoV-2 in the intensive care unit. Methods: A retrospective, descriptive, longitudinal study was carried out. Variables such as age, sex, comorbidities, time of IOT, ventilatory parameters, blood gases and the Kirby index were included. Descriptive statistics with measures of central tendency and measures of dispersion were used. Results: n = 493 COVID-19 cases were received, n = 133 (26.35%) were admitted, 21 were operated on in the ICU, male gender was 76%, age 56 years, obesity and hypertension were the most common comorbidities, all With CRP +, the preoperative ventilatory parameters x (PEEP 7.61) and (FiO2 41.42), the blood gas was (pH 7.42), (pO2 95.04), (pCO2 41.47), ( HCO3 29.14), (Saturation O2 94.7%) and the Kirby index x = 235 and postoperative x (PEEP 7.19) and (FiO2 40.6), the blood gas was (pH 7.44), (pO2 43.7), (pCO2 87.7), (HCO3 27.4), (Saturation O2 95.23%). n = 3 died, two patients with bleeding complications and one case with accidental decannulation. The mean time of mechanical ventilation was n = 5.7 days. Conclusions: The tracheostomy generated very subtle changes in the ventilatory and gasometric parameters, however, the release of mechanical ventilation was on average less than one week, emptying space in the ICU.

Sobrevida de un paciente adulto mayor con cáncer de pulmón, tratado con quimioterapia de primera línea

RESUMEN Introducción: El cáncer de pulmón está afectando cada vez más a la población de adultos mayores, a medida que la expectativa de vida aumenta. Sin embargo, es difícil establecer la eficacia de la quimioterapia y el pronóstico de estos pacientes es grave. Objetivo: Presentar un caso de paciente adulto mayor con cáncer de pulmón avanzado de células no pequeñas, con una prolongada sobrevida que recibió solamente quimioterapia de primera línea. Caso clínico: Paciente no fumador, de 71 años, diagnosticado con cáncer de pulmón de células no pequeñas avanzado, del subtipo adenocarcinoma, con compromiso pleural. Inició tratamiento con carboplatino 5 AUC y gemcitabina 1,1 g. En el noveno ciclo, se encontró reducción de los nódulos pulmonares, pero también metástasis en el nivel D6-D7. Inició la segunda línea de tratamiento con carboplatino 5,4 AUC, paclitaxel 200 mg y ácido zolendrónico en dosis de 4,0 mg. Debido a eventos adversos, el tratamiento fue cambiado a vinorelbina 2,5 g y ácido zolendrónico 4,0 mg. Tras dos ciclos, el paciente fallece, alcanzando 21 meses de sobrevida global, solo con quimioterapia. Conclusión: El tratamiento del paciente adulto mayor con cáncer de pulmón es complejo. En el presente esquema de quimioterapia, el paciente pudo alcanzar 21 meses de sobrevida global, a pesar de que no fue caracterizado molecularmente.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Lung cancer is taking an increasing toll on the older population as life expectancy increases. However, the efficacy of chemotherapy is difficult to establish and the prognosis of these patients is severe. Objective: Report a case of an older adult patient with advanced non-small cell lung cancer with prolonged survival who received only first-line chemotherapy. Case report: A 71-year-old non-smoker patient diagnosed with advanced non-small cell lung cancer, adenocarcinoma subtype, with pleural involvement. He started treatment with carboplatin 5 AUC and gemcitabine 1,1 g. In the ninth cycle, reduction of pulmonary nodules was found, but he also had metastases at the D6-D7 level. He started the second line of treatment with carboplatin 5,4 AUC, paclitaxel 200 mg and zolendronic acid at a dose of 4,0 mg. Due to adverse events, the treatment was changed to vinorelbine 2,5 g and zolendronic acid 4.0 mg. After two cycles, the patient died, reaching 21 months of overall survival, only with chemotherapy. Conclusion: The treatment of the older adult patient with lung cancer is challenging. In the present chemotherapy treatment, the patient was able to achieve 21 months of overall survival, despite the fact that he was not molecularly characterized.

Pólipos linfangiomatosos de las amígdalas palatinas en la infancia: Reporte de un caso y revisión / Lymphangiomatous polyps of the palatine tonsils in childhood: A case report and review

Introducción: Los pólipos linfangiomatosos de las amígdalas palatinas son lesiones benignas raras. Esta entidad se origina en el estroma linfoide mezclándose con el parénquima, siendo diferente a la hiperplasia papilar y representa aproximadamente el 1,9% de las neoplasias de amígdalas. Objetivo: Presentar un caso clínico y una búsqueda sistemática de los casos pediátricos publicados en la literatura. Reporte de caso: se ha realizado una revisión sistemática siguiendo las pautas PRISMA de los reportes en PubMed, Elsevier, Google Académico de 2010 a 2021. Se localizaron 18 artículos en los que se encontró 8 mujeres y 10 hombres, la edad promedio fue de 14 años, en 15 las lesiones eran unilaterales. Todos los casos reportaron en los hallazgos histopatológicos la presencia de vasos linfáticos. Conclusión: Existe variabilidad entre la edad con distribución similar entre sexos; al ser una entidad infrecuente hay heterogeneidad en su denominación.

Background: Lymphangiomatous polyps of the palatine tonsils are rare benign lesions. This entity originates from the lymphoid stroma intermixed with parenchyma, being different from papillary hyperplasia, representing approximately 1.9% of tonsillar neoplasms. Objective: To present a case report and systematic review of the pediatric cases published in the literature. The report case: A systematic review was carried out following the PRISMA guidelines of the reports in PubMed, Elsevier, Google Scholar from 2010 to 2021. 18 articles were found of which 8 females and 10 males were found, the mean age was 14 years, in 15 lesions were unilateral. All cases reported the presence of lymphatic vessels in the histopathological exam. Conclusion: There is variability with age with a similar distribution between genders, being rare there is heterogeneity in its denomination.

Tuberculosis osteoarticular en un paciente pediátrico / Osteoarticular tuberculosis in a pediatric patient

Introducción: La tuberculosis osteoarticular es una enfermedad inflamatoria crónica, muy rara con un cuadro clínico atípico y se presenta con una incidencia de 1-2 por ciento del total de los casos de tuberculosis. Objetivo: Exponer una forma de presentación poco frecuente de tuberculosis en Honduras Presentación del caso: Se trata de una niña de dos años con diagnóstico inicial de sinovitis en rodilla derecha de cinco meses de evolución y tratada con antibiótico y analgésico. Sin mejoría se presenta a emergencia con cambios inflamatorios. Se realiza rayos x de rodilla que muestran lesiones osteolíticas a nivel de rótula y cóndilo del fémur derecho. Baciloscopia de esputo y prueba de tuberculina negativas. Familiar de tercer grado positivo para tuberculosis hacía un año y medio. Por biopsia de tejido blando y óseo de rodilla derecha se establece el diagnóstico de artritis por Mycobacterium tuberculosis por estudio inmuno-histoquimico con tinción Ziehl Nielsen. Conclusiones: Es el primer informe de caso de tuberculosis osteoarticular en un paciente pediátrico descrito en Honduras. Por la larga evolución de la enfermedad, lo atípico de su clínica y su baja incidencia es difícil establecer el diagnóstico final. Fue imprescindible el estudio anatomopatológico por biopsia que permitiera esclarecer a los clínicos el diagnóstico e iniciar el tratamiento oportuno(AU)

Introduction: Osteoarticular tuberculosis is a chronic inflammatory disease, very rare, and with an atypical clinical picture and occurs with an incidence of 1-2 percent of all TB cases. Objective: Show a rare form of TB´s presentation in Honduras Case presentation: Two-year-old girl with an initial diagnosis of right knee synovitis of five months of evolution and treated with antibiotics and analgesics. Without improvement, she attends to emergencies service with inflammatory changes. Knee x-rays show osteolytic lesions at the kneecap level and the condyle of the right femur. Sputum bacilloscopy and negative tuberculin test were performed. She had a third-grade relative positive to tuberculosis a year and a half ago. A right knee soft tissue and bone biopsies confirm the diagnosis of arthritis by Mycobacterium tuberculosis by immuno-histochemical study with Ziehl Nielsen staining. Conclusions: It is the first osteoarticular TB case report in a pediatric patient described in Honduras. Because of the long evolution of the disease, the atypicalness of its clinic features and its low incidence, it is difficult to establish the final diagnosis. Anatomopathological study by biopsy was essential to clarify the diagnosis to clinicians and initiate timely treatment(AU)

Arteriopathy in pediatric stroke: an underestimated clinical entity / Arteriopatia em crianças com acidente vascular cerebral: uma entidade clínica subestimada

ABSTRACT Background: Pediatric arterial ischemic stroke (AIS), which was thought to be a rare disorder, is being increasingly recognized as an important cause of neurological morbidity, thanks to new advances in neuroimaging. Objective: The aim of this study was to review the main etiologies of stroke due to arteriopathy in children. Methods: Using a series of cases from our institution, we addressed its epidemiological aspects, physiopathology, imaging findings from CT, MR angiography, MR conventional sequences and MR DWI, and nuclear medicine findings. Results: Through discussion of the most recent classification for childhood AIS (Childhood AIS Standardized Classification and Diagnostic Evaluation, CASCADE), we propose a modified classification based on the anatomical site of disease, which includes vasculitis, varicella, arterial dissection, moyamoya, fibromuscular dysplasia, Takayasu's arteritis and genetic causes (such as ACTA-2 mutation, PHACE syndrome and ADA-2 deficiency). We have detailed each of these separately. Conclusions: Prompt recognition of AIS and thorough investigation for potential risk factors are crucial for a better outcome. In this scenario, neurovascular imaging plays an important role in diagnosing AIS and identifying children at high risk of recurrent stroke.

RESUMO Introdução: O acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) pediátrico, considerado um distúrbio raro, está sendo cada vez mais reconhecido como importante causa de morbidade neurológica, graças aos novos avanços na neuroimagem. Objetivo: Revisar as principais etiologias do AVC por arteriopatia em crianças. Métodos: Utilizando-se de uma série de casos de nossa instituição, abordamos seus aspectos epidemiológicos, fisiopatológicos e de imagem na angiotomografia computadorizada e angiorressonância magnética, sequências convencionais e avançadas de ressonância magnética e medicina nuclear. Resultados: Com base na classificação mais recente de AVC na infância (Classificação Padronizada e Avaliação Diagnóstica do AVC na Infância - CASCADE) propusemos uma classificação modificada com base no local anatômico da doença, que inclui vasculite, varicela, dissecção arterial, Moyamoya, displasia fibromuscular, arterite de Takayasu e causas genéticas (como mutação ACTA-2, síndrome PHACE e deficiência de ADA-2), detalhando cada uma separadamente. Conclusões: O reconhecimento imediato do AVC na infância e a investigação minuciosa de possíveis fatores de risco são cruciais para um melhor resultado. Nesse cenário, a imagem neurovascular desempenha papel importante no diagnóstico de AVC e na identificação de crianças com alto risco de recorrência.

Persistent symptoms and decreased health-related quality of life after symptomatic pediatric COVID-19: A prospective study in a Latin American tertiary hospital

OBJECTIVES: To prospectively evaluate demographic, anthropometric and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in pediatric patients with laboratory-confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) METHODS: This was a longitudinal observational study of surviving pediatric post-COVID-19 patients (n=53) and pediatric subjects without laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 included as controls (n=52) was performed. RESULTS: The median duration between COVID-19 diagnosis (n=53) and follow-up was 4.4 months (0.8-10.7). Twenty-three of 53 (43%) patients reported at least one persistent symptom at the longitudinal follow-up visit and 12/53 (23%) had long COVID-19, with at least one symptom lasting for >12 weeks. The most frequently reported symptoms at the longitudinal follow-up visit were headache (19%), severe recurrent headache (9%), tiredness (9%), dyspnea (8%), and concentration difficulty (4%). At the longitudinal follow-up visit, the frequencies of anemia (11% versus 0%, p=0.030), lymphopenia (42% versus 18%, p=0.020), C-reactive protein level of >30 mg/L (35% versus 0%, p=0.0001), and D-dimer level of >1000 ng/mL (43% versus 6%, p=0.0004) significantly reduced compared with baseline values. Chest X-ray abnormalities (11% versus 2%, p=0.178) and cardiac alterations on echocardiogram (33% versus 22%, p=0.462) were similar at both visits. Comparison of characteristic data between patients with COVID-19 at the longitudinal follow-up visit and controls showed similar age (p=0.962), proportion of male sex (p=0.907), ethnicity (p=0.566), family minimum monthly wage (p=0.664), body mass index (p=0.601), and pediatric pre-existing chronic conditions (p=1.000). The Pediatric Quality of Live Inventory 4.0 scores, median physical score (69 [0-100] versus 81 [34-100], p=0.012), and school score (60 [15-100] versus 70 [15-95], p=0.028) were significantly lower in pediatric patients with COVID-19 at the longitudinal follow-up visit than in controls. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric patients with COVID-19 showed a longitudinal impact on HRQoL parameters, particularly in physical/school domains, reinforcing the need for a prospective multidisciplinary approach for these patients. These data highlight the importance of closer monitoring of children and adolescents by the clinical team after COVID-19.

Differences in children and adolescents with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a cohort study in a Brazilian tertiary referral hospital

OBJECTIVES: To compare demographic/clinical/laboratory/treatments and outcomes among children and adolescents with laboratory-confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study that included patients diagnosed with pediatric COVID-19 (aged <18 years) between April 11, 2020 and April 22, 2021. During this period, 102/5,951 (1.7%) of all admissions occurred in neonates, children, and adolescents. Furthermore, 3,962 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) detection samples were processed in patients aged <18 years, and laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 occurred in 155 (4%) inpatients and outpatients. Six/155 pediatric patients were excluded from the study. Therefore, the final group included 149 children and adolescents (n=97 inpatients and 52 outpatients) with positive SARS-CoV-2 results. RESULTS: The frequencies of sore throat, anosmia, dysgeusia, headache, myalgia, nausea, lymphopenia, pre-existing chronic conditions, immunosuppressive conditions, and autoimmune diseases were significantly reduced in children and adolescents (p<0.05). Likewise, the frequencies of enoxaparin use (p=0.037), current immunosuppressant use (p=0.008), vasoactive agents (p=0.045), arterial hypotension (p<0.001), and shock (p=0.024) were significantly lower in children than in adolescents. Logistic regression analysis showed that adolescents with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 had increased odds ratios (ORs) for sore throat (OR 13.054; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.750-61.977; p=0.001), nausea (OR 8.875; 95% CI 1.660-47.446; p=0.011), and lymphopenia (OR 3.575; 95% CI 1.355-9.430; p=0.010), but also had less hospitalizations (OR 0.355; 95% CI 0.138-0.916; p=0.032). The additional logistic regression analysis on patients with preexisting chronic conditions (n=108) showed that death as an outcome was significantly associated with pediatric severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) (OR 22.300; 95% CI 2.341-212.421; p=0.007) and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) (OR 11.261; 95% CI 1.189-106. 581; p=0.035). CONCLUSIONS: Half of the laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases occurred in adolescents. Individuals belonging to this age group had an acute systemic involvement of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Pediatric SARS and MIS-C were the most important factors associated with the mortality rate in pediatric chronic conditions with COVID-19.

La enseñanza del método clínico ¿exclusivo solo en Medicina? / Is the teaching of the clinical method only exclusive for Medicine?

RESUMEN Aplicar el método clínico en función del diagnóstico no es exclusivo de la práctica médica, todo profesional de la salud, incluyendo los especialistas en psicología, lo utiliza en labores asistenciales para establecer la relación diagnóstico-terapéutica; pero este método se complementa con el epidemiológico. Ambos se combinan para optimizar la práctica y docencia médicas, con beneficios en el ejercicio formativo. Es objetivo de los autores destacar la esencia de enseñarlos de forma integrada en la que se valore al paciente como un ser biopsicosocial.

ABSTRACT Applying the clinical method based on the diagnosis is not exclusive to medical practice, every health professional, including psychology specialists, uses it in care work to establish the diagnosis-therapeutic relationship; but this method is complemented by the epidemiological one. Both are combined to optimize practice and medical teaching, with benefits in training. It is the objective of the authors to highlight the essence of teaching them in an integrated way in which the patient is valued as a biopsychosocial being.

Effects of short-term strength training on body composition, muscle strength and functional capacity of elderly: a systematic review and meta-analysis / Efeitos do treinamento de força de curta duração sobre a composição corporal, a força muscular e a capacidade funcional de idosos: revisão sistemática e meta-análise

To examine the effects of short-term strength training (STST) on different manifestations of muscle strength in the lower limbs, functional capacity and body composition of people 65 years old or older. We searched the electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane) to identify all publications using STST (up to 12 weeks) in people aged 65 or older, published in the last five years, prior to May 2018. Results were analyzed as continuous data using random effects to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD) and the 95% confidence interval (95%CI). 28 studies with 921 subjects met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. These works were grouped into three categories for analysis: Muscular Strength, Functional Capacity and Body Composition. In Muscular Strength category, the overall pooled effect estimate was 0.95 (95%CI: 0.63; 1.26), with a significant STST effect (Z= 5.93; p<0.001), over the different strength manifestations analyzed. In Functional Capacity category, the STST decreased the Time Up-and-Go test run time (SMD: -1.01; 95%CI: -1.56; -0.47) and increased the repetitions' number performed in 30-s chair-stand test (SMD: 1.07, 95% CI: 0.79, 1.34). In Body Composition category, the overall pooled effect estimate was 0.13 (95%CI: -0.16; 0.42), without finding a significant effect of STST (Z= 0.87; p= 0.38). STST has a moderate to large effect in improving the different manifestations of muscle strength and functional capacity. However, this type of intervention has no effect on body composition.

Examinar os efeitos do treinamento de força de curta duração (TFCD) em diferentes manifestações de força muscular nos membros inferiores, capacidade funcional e composição corporal de pessoas maiores de 65 anos. Foram pesquisadas bases de dados eletrônicas (PubMed, Web of Science e Cochrane) para identificar todas as publicações utilizando TFCD (até 12 semanas) em pessoas maiores de 65 anos, publicadas nos últimos cinco anos, antes de maio de 2018. Os resultados foram analisados como dados contínuos usando efeitos aleatórios para calcular a diferença padronizada da média (SMD) e o intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%). 28 estudos com 921 sujeitos preencheram os critérios de inclusão e foram analisados. Esses trabalhos foram agrupados em três categorias para análise: Força Muscular, Capacidade Funcional e Composição Corporal. Na categoria Força Muscular, a estimativa geral do efeito combinado foi de 0,95 (95% CI: 0,63; 1,26), com um efeito significativo do TFCD (Z = 5,93; p <0,001), sobre as diferentes manifestações de força analisadas. Na categoria Capacidade Funcional, o TFCD diminuiu o tempo de execução do teste Timed Up-and-Go (SMD: -1.01; 95% CI: -1.56; -0.47) e aumentou o número de repetições realizadas no teste de levantar e sentar na cadeira de 30 segundos (SMD: 1,07, IC 95%: 0,79, 1,34). Na categoria de Composição Corporal, a estimativa geral do efeito combinado foi de 0,13 (IC 95%: -0,16; 0,42), sem encontrar efeito significativo do TFCD (Z = 0,87; p = 0,38). O TFCD apresenta efeito moderado a grande na melhora das diferentes manifestações de força muscular e capacidade funcional. No entanto, este tipo de intervenção não tem efeito sobre a composição corporal.

Síndrome de Takotsubo con disfunción grave de ventrículo izquierdo en el postoperatorio de reemplazo valvular mitral / Postoperative Takotsubo syndrome with severe left ventricular dysfunction following mitral valve replacement

RESUMEN El síndrome de Takotsubo, descrito por vez primera en Japón a fines de 1989 y principios de 1990, caracteriza un conjunto de pacientes con discinesia apical transitoria y conservación de la contractilidad hacia la base del ventrículo izquierdo, que recuerda la forma de la vasija usada por los pescadores para atrapar pulpos. Habitualmente se observa en situaciones que impliquen elevación de catecolaminas y su cuadro clínico es similar al de un infarto agudo de miocardio. El caso que se presenta ocurrió, sorprendentemente, en el postoperatorio de una cirugía cardiovascular y probablemente sea el primero encontrado en Cuba en esta circunstancia: isquemia perioperatoria tras reemplazo valvular mitral, que se recuperó en aproximadamente 72 horas, aunque su recuperación total fue más tardía. Se muestran las imágenes angiográficas.

ABSTRACT Takotsubo syndrome was first described in Japan in late 1989 and early 1990 and featured a group of patients with transient apical dyskinesia and preservation of basal left-ventricular contractility, which resembled the vessel used by fishermen to catch octopus. It is usually seen in situations involving catecholamine release and its clinical picture mimics that of acute myocardial infarction. The case presented occurs, surprisingly, in the postoperative period of cardiovascular surgery and is probably the first one found in this circumstance in Cuba: perioperative ischemia after mitral valve replacement, which recovered within nearly 72 hours, although complete recovery occurred later. Angiographic images are shown.

Lidocaína versus lidocaína/epinefrina: generalidades y toxicidad / Lidocaida versus lidocaine/epinephrine: generalities and toxicity

Los anestésicos locales han cambiado de manera destacada la historia y la práctica de la medicina, la evolución en los métodos de desarrollo de anestésicos ha hecho posible el desarrollo de anestésicos convencionales para uso común en procedimientos médicos quirúrgicos locales, hablando en especial de dos anestésicos que se utilizan diariamente en los diferentes niveles de atención de salud mundial, la lidocaína y posteriormente la lidocaína con epinefrina. Es por el uso cotidiano de estos anestésicos que ahora es posible hacer procedimientos menores en los pacientes sin exponer a los mismos al dolor de los procedimientos propiamente dicho o la causa de dolor no procedimental. Se utiliza cada uno de acuerdo al efecto deseado que se requiera en el paciente, teniendo en cuenta las diversas precaucio-nes dada la potencial toxicidad que poseen, así como la técnica que se va a utilizar. En este artículo de revisión bibliográfica, se presentan las generalidades de ambos anestésicos, las indicaciones, precauciones, efectos adversos y comparación de toxici-dad entre ambos anestésicos. Esta revisión bibliográfica se realizó a partir de 36 artícu-los tomando como referencia los siguientes: literatura médica, artículos de revistas cien-tíficas y otras revisiones bibliográficas menores de 5 años de haber sido publica-dos o aquellos con relevancia histórica...(AU)

Applicability of demirjian and chaillet's methods in estimating dental age in children from the state of Zulia, Venezuela / Aplicabilidad de los métodos de demirjian y chaillet en la estimación de la edad dental de niños del estado Zulia, Venezuela

ABSTRACT. Introduction: dental age (DA) is used in clinical disciplines to assess whether an individual is advanced or delayed in his or her dental development, or to determine the age of living or deceased subjects with no valid identification documents; it is also useful in forensic practice. Objective: to study the applicability of the methods of Demirjian et al (revised, 1976) and Chaillet et al in estimating DA in a sample of Venezuelan children and adolescents. Methods: a descriptive, retrospective field study in 516 panoramic X-rays of patients of both sexes with chronological ages ranging from 6 to 18 years. Dental development was assessed in the seven lower left teeth using the maturation stages proposed in the method of Demirjian et al, while DA calculation was carried out according to the reference tables provided by each method. Descriptive statistics were obtained, as well as mean differences between chronological age (CA) and DA estimated by a Student's test. Results: there was age overestimation with Demirjian's method up to the age of 15 years, as well as age underestimation with Chaillet's method. Considering the total sample, both methods underestimated age (Demirjian 0.20 ± 1.46; Chaillet 0.34 ± 1.39), and the difference between CA and DA was significant (Demirjian p = 0.0002; Chaillet p = 0.000). Conclusions: both methods can be used in the sample studied, considering that DA should be assessed in conjunction with other indicators of maturation to evaluate the development of an individual.

RESUMEN Introducción: la edad dental (ED) es empleada en disciplinas clínicas para evaluar si el individuo se encuentra avanzado o atrasado en su desarrollo dentario, o bien para asignar la edad de sujetos vivos o fallecidos sin documentos válidos de identificación, y es de utilidad en la práctica forense. Objetivo: estudiar la aplicabilidad de los métodos de Demirjian et al revisado (1976) y Chaillet et al en la estimación de la ED en una muestra de niños y adolescentes venezolanos. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y de campo; para ello se analizaron 516 radiografías panorámicas de pacientes de ambos sexos con edades cronológicas entre 6 y 18 años. El desarrollo dental fue evaluado en los siete dientes inferiores izquierdos mediante los estadios de maduración propuestos en el método de Demirjian et al, mientras que el cálculo de la ED fue realizado de acuerdo a las tablas de referencia proporcionadas por cada método. Se obtuvieron estadísticas descriptivas, así como diferencias de media entre la edad cronológica (EC) y la ED estimada mediante un test de Student. Resultados: se observó sobreestimación de la edad por el método de Demirjian hasta los 15 años de edad, así como subestimación de la edad con el método de Chaillet. Considerando el total de la muestra, ambos métodos subestimaron la edad (Demirjian 0,20 ± 1,46; Chaillet 0,34 ± 1,39), y la diferencia entre EC y ED fue significativa (Demirjian p = 0,0002; Chaillet p = 0,000). Conclusiones: ambos métodos pueden ser empleados en la muestra estudiada, teniendo en cuenta que la ED debe ser valorada en conjunto con otros indicadores de maduración para la evaluación del desarrollo del individuo.

Evitación experiencial, afrontamiento y ansiedad en estudiantes de una universidad pública de Lima Metropolitana / Experiential avoidance, coping, and anxiety in students from a public university in Lima

La evitación experiencial (EE) ­o (in)flexibilidad psicológica­ es un concepto central en las terapias contextuales y ha sido propuesta como una dimensión transdiagnóstica de la psicopatología. En el presente estudio, se buscó probar si la EE y otras estrategias de afrontamiento predicen independientemente la ansiedad-estado y la ansiedad-rasgo. Se aplicó un conjunto de medidas (el AAQ-II, una versión modificada del COPE breve, y el IDARE) a 284 estudiantes de pregrado de una universidad pública de Lima. De acuerdo con los resultados, la ansiedad (estado y rasgo) mostró correlaciones significativas con la EE, la baja actitud de solución de problemas, la autoculpa y el uso de sustancias. Sin embargo, al someter estas variables a análisis de regresión múltiple, solo la EE, la baja actitud de solución de problemas y la autoculpa resultaron predictores significativos de la ansiedad-rasgo; de estos, solo la EE contribuyó de manera importante al modelo (ΔR² = .16). Por otra parte, ninguna de las variables estudiadas predijo de manera significativa la ansiedad-estado. Se concluye que el intento de evitar los pensamientos y emociones desagradables constituye un elemento fundamental de la ansiedad-rasgo. Se discute este hallazgo en relación con estudios previos y se brindan sugerencias para nuevas investigaciones

Experiential avoidance (EA)­or psychological (in)flexibility­is a central concept in contextual therapies, and it has been proposed as a transdiagnostic dimension of psychopathology. We intended to test whether EA and other coping strategies independently predict both state and trait-anxiety. We administered a set of measures (the AAQ-II, a modified version of the Brief COPE, and the STAI) to 284 undergraduates from a public university in Lima, Peru. Results showed that EA, lack of problem solving, self-blame, and substance use were all significantly related to state and trait-anxiety. However, after submitting these variables to multiple regression analyses, only EA, lack of problem solving, and self-blame remained significant predictors of trait-anxiety; of these, only EA made a significant improvement to the model (ΔR² = .16). On the other hand, none of the variables under study were significant predictors of state-anxiety. We concluded that the effort to avoid unpleasant thoughts and emotions constitutes a central aspect of trait-anxiety. We discussed these findings in light of previous studies, and gave suggestions for future research.

Correlação entre variáveis cefalométricas e polissonográficas em indivíduos com apneia / Correlation between cephalometric and polysomnographic variables in individuals with obstructive sleep apnea

Indivíduos portadores de Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono (AOS) podem apresentar alterações do esqueleto craniofacial e do espaço aéreo faríngeo que influenciam no padrão de sono e na gravidade da AOS. A cefalometria radiográfica é um exame de imagem rotineiramente usado pelos ortodontistas que permite a avaliação da anatomia craniocervicofacial, incluindo o espaço aéreo faríngeo. Objetivo: avaliar se os componentes anatômicos cefalométricos têm alguma correlação com parâmetros polissonográficos de indivíduos com AOS. Materiais e Métodos: A casuística deste estudo foi composta de 50 indivíduos com diagnóstico polissonográfico de AOS moderada e grave. Todos os voluntários foram submetidos à avaliação polissonográfica de noite inteira e a avaliação cefalométrica em norma lateral. Resultados: Foram encontradas correlações significantes entre a variável polissonográfica Índice de Apneia e Hipopneia (IAH) e as grandezas cefalométricas correspondentes à largura do palato mole (p<0,01) e a distância do hióide à terceira vértebra cervical (p<0,01). A variável polissonográfica Saturação Mínima de Oxihemoglobina (SpO2) apresentou correlação significante com as duas variáveis cefalométricas acima citadas e também com a variável correspondente ao comprimento do palato mole (p<0,05). Conclusão: Algumas variáveis cefalométricas demonstraram correlação com parâmetros polissonográficos, mas não se deve afirmar que a cefalometria possa ser usada como preditora da gravidade da AOS. (AU)

Individuals with Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) may present changes in the craniofacial skeleton and pharyngeal airway space that have an influence in sleep pattern and OSA severity. Radiographic cephalometry is an imaging test routinely used by orthodontists that allows assessment of the craniocervical facial anatomy including the pharyngeal airway spa-ce. Objective: To evaluate if the cephalometric anatomical components have any correlation with polysomnographic parameters of individuals with OSA. Materials and Methods: The study sample consisted of 50 individuals with polysomnographic diagnosis of moderate and severe OSA. All volunteers underwent a full-night polysomnographic evaluation and a lateral cephalometric radiographic examination. Results: Significant correlations were found between the polysomnographic variable Apnea and Hypopnea Index (AHI) and the cephalometric variablecorresponding to the width of the soft palate (p <0.01) and the distance from the hyoid to the third cervical vertebra (p <0.01). The polysomnographic variable Oxyhemoglobin Minimal Saturation (SpO2) showed a significant correlation with the two cephalometric variables mentioned above, as well as with the variable corresponding to the length of the soft palate (p<0,05). Conclusion: Some cephalometric variables correlate with polysomnographic parameters, but we cannot say that cephalometry can be used as a predictor of OSA severity. (AU)

Vómitos en pediatriía: presentación de caso clínico y abordaje diagnóstico / Vomiting in pediatrics: Clinical case presentation and Diagnostic Approach

El vómito es uno de los síntomas que se presen- ta con mayor frecuencia en los centros de aten- ción pediátrica. Sus causas son múltiples y abar- can cualquier sistema de nuestro organismo. La estenosis del píloro es una condición común en la infancia con una incidencia de 2 a 5 casos por cada mil nacidos vivos. Esta suele presen- tarse entre la 3era semana y 3 meses de vida, siendo excepcional su debut en edad más tardía. Se presenta el caso de femenina de 2 años de edad, con cuadro de vómitos de larga evolu- ción como signo principal, con distintos trata- mientos pero sin mejoría y mediante un estu- dio contrastado de vía digestiva superior y con rmado mediante endoscopia se llegó al diagnóstico de una obstrucción de hipertró ca congénita de píloro. Después de una breve revisión de la siopato- logía del vómito presentamos un abordaje diagnóstico que pueda ser de utilidad para identi car la causa y ofrecer un tratamiento oportuno en los pacientes pediátricos con cuadro de vómitos...(AU)